The purpose of the present article is to examine the different functions of silence as a part of linguistic communication as well as the absence of any kind of linguistic element. Based on the Organon-Model by Karl Buhler, Roman Jacobson (1956) distinguishes six communication functions, each associated with a dimension of the communication process. Michael Ephratt (2008) has revised the same model, considering (Eloquent) silence as a linguistic sign which conveys information in the referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic functions. To shed light on the issue, we study several literary texts to show how communicational silence, which is a new issue in literary linguistics, and its functions are applied to transferring a message or narrating a story. It can be considered as a narrative technique in order to say something through blank, absent or deferred elements. The question of the article is how six communication functions of silence could apply to expressing something. The result of the study showed that silence has a significant role in activating reader's role in reading a text.

The principal aim of the present research was to develop a reference for Persian language communicative functions that can be used in developing materials for Persian learners learning Persian as a Foreign or second language. To this end, a comprehensive list of various forms and functions used in many social fields, in everyday use, was prepared. First, the titles of social fields and their related functions and forms were translated into Persian. This was then used as the basic data of the research. The data were given to two hundred students in Persian language and literature as well as in Translation and English literature used as the informants of the study. Having processed these forms step by step, the researcher found many other forms which were added to the initial list. This final product was a reference list including 76 macro-functions and 2484 language forms.

This article mainly aims at studying the functions of audio signs and discourse strategies in radio advertisements. In fact, we are going to know that for denotation and connotation meanings of these texts, which sonic techniques and facilities have been used.The results of 11 radio advertisements analysis show that in designing of these multilayer texts, different sonic layers such as speech, music and sound effects are used to pursue listener to purchase goods or use advertised services. Also discourse factors and persuasive function of language play main role in this process.

The relation of language and politics is very important in the field of political thought and political science. The issues related to this subject are divided into two parts: the first deals with the ontological and epistemological approach to the role of language in understanding politics as an existential exercise and the realization of political animal and citizenship; and, the second focuses on different functions of language in politics. On the other hand, considering the role of religion in social and political life, the capabilities and functions of the language of religion are also taken into consideration. By analyzing the communicative, emotional, and human functions of language, this article by employing a hermeneutic and phenomenological method, will reveal the effect of language on reducing violence, confrontation, and antagonism. The results of this study show that during the lingual hegemony in the discourse of modernity that was subject-based, Imam Khomeini devised a new language on the basis of religion, mysticism, and ethics that treated human beings equal and as a single being. The functions of language in the theoretical and practical politics of the Imam became meaningful in this ontological system. The relationship of the people and the rulers in the language of the Imam is not one-sided from top to bottom, but it is based on an ontological justice and equality that manifests itself within modern political institutions such as the constitution.

This study investigates the communicative and pragmatic functions of proverbs used in youth education in the Kazakh context. Drawing on Pishghadam’s Cultuling Analysis (CLA) framework, the research identifies how proverbs function as linguistic bearers of cultural values, moral standards, and gender ideologies. Using a corpus of 93 proverbs, we investigated how proverbs function as pedagogical tools and what cultural values are transmitted to the younger generation. The findings reveal eight key pragmatic functions embedded in the proverbs— identity formation, social cohesion, family education, patriotic values, educational motivation, labor ethics, conflict resolution, and behavioral guidance—each underpinned by culturally dominant cultulings. Additionally, the study demonstrates how proverbs construct and reproduce gendered expectations, portraying boys as bearers of honor and national responsibility, and girls as moral guardians of family reputation. By integrating sociocultural theory and speech act pragmatics, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of how language operates as a tool for cultural transmission, identity shaping, and social regulation.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

In this paper, an alternative approach in operational modal analysis is presented, utilizing image processing technique and transmissibility functions. Imaging sensors do not impose additional mass on the structure due to their non-contact nature, while transmissibility functions, independent of excitation type, can directly extract mode shapes. The innovation of this research lies in combining these two techniques to record dynamic responses and identify modal properties. To capture the temporal response history from video signals, the block-matching method with sub-pixel accuracy was employed. Validation was conducted by recording the response of the tip of a cantilevered steel beam subjected to impact excitation, using a high-speed camera and a laser vibrometer, simultaneously. The RMSE plots in the time domain and the PSD in the frequency domain indicate high accuracy of this method. Using this approach, the displacement time histories of various points on the structure were extracted from the video signals, and the modal properties, including natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes, were identified using the transmissibility matrix method. The results obtained from the proposed method were compared with the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method and analytical solutions. The findings reveal the accuracy of the modal identification approach introduced in this article. The highest relative error in estimating the natural frequencies of the first and second modes, compared to the values from the laser method, are 0.19% and 0.13%, respectively, and in comparison to the analytical values, they are 0.34% and 1.5%, respectively.

Speech acts are considered as one of the most important foundations of pragmatic analysis by creating an impact on the recipient based on understanding the addressee’s intent, and benefiting the addressee is one of the important goals that cannot be neglected. The speaker chooses vocabulary and arranges it according to the intention he follows in speaking. Austin was able to lay down the main principles of the theory of speech acts, but the theory did not stop there. It expanded and became more mature with the second pioneer in the philosophy of ordinary language, namely the American philosopher John Searle. His tasks were to develop the theory by distinguishing within the sentence between what is related to the action included in the statement itself, which he calls the power included in the statement, and what is related to the content of the action, which he calls the name of propositional content. In this study, we will rely on Searle's opinions and search for the five speech acts affected by context and internal and external factors, used in poetry collections, A Vasham All khzrah, Ghasaed fi zaman Alfath, and Taghribat Bani Palestine by the poet Walid Saif. This study aims to search for speech acts and employ them in Walid Saif’s poetry based on the descriptive-analytical approach. The results indicate that the poet used verbal acts to express positive and negative emotions such as war, love, sadness, nostalgia, coercion, disappointment, waiting, and his hope for the future. Through these speech acts, which were mentioned directly and indirectly, we saw that the poet tends to use the five speech acts to stir feelings and excite the recipient to accomplish an action. The performance verb, both direct and indirect, was evident in poetic discourse, revealing its power within specific linguistic contexts that facilitated the realization of the poet’s verbal intentions and purposes through the words he chose to serve his poetic text.

This study examines the visual aesthetic function of English signs in line with ethnographic approaches as a means of achieving various symbolic and communicative implications in the linguistic landscape (LL) of Jordan. Having coded the data in 6 urban streets of the major Jordanian cities, the social semiotic analysis centers on the visual layout of signs based on the typographical features of English texts and the multimodal interrelationships amongst the typographical characteristics wherein images and drawings are often supplemented to the English letter-forms in decorative manners. These aesthetic resources utilized in the construction of the English signs encourage symbolic ideological meanings of practices and customs related to young femininity, amusement and entertainment values, and shared cultural concepts. After all, this study establishes the aesthetic and ornamental aspect of visual English as a new approach in communicating the symbolic commercial messages in the Jordanian public space for both Arabic-and English-speaking audiences.